Prevalence and Determinants of Poor Sleep Quality Among Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of poor sleep quality among individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in Pakistan and identify the factors contributing to it. Given the high prevalence of T2DM and the associated health burden, understanding sleep disturbances in this population is crucial for improving patient care.

METHODS
A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with 300 participants diagnosed with T2DM, selected through random sampling from Dr. Akbar Niazi Teaching Hospital, Islamabad, and Alkhidmat Raazi Hospital, Rawalpindi. Data were collected through structured interviews, including demographic, clinical, and mental health assessments. Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), while depression and anxiety were evaluated using the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scales, respectively. Statistical analyses included chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression to identify significant factors associated with poor sleep quality.

RESULTS
The study found that 60% of participants reported poor sleep quality, with females, insulin users, and individuals with chronic complications such as gastroparesis, neuropathy, and restless leg syndrome showing higher prevalence. Depression (OR=8.161) and anxiety (OR=6.243) were strongly associated with poor sleep quality. Multivariate analysis revealed that combinations of depression and chronic complications, such as painful peripheral neuropathy, significantly increased the likelihood of poor sleep.

CONCLUSION
Poor sleep quality is prevalent among individuals with T2DM in Pakistan, particularly in those with depression and chronic complications. Addressing these factors through integrated care models focusing on both psychological and physical health may improve sleep quality and overall patient outcomes.